12.15: to Stand
- Q. ras- v. “to stick out”
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A verb mentioned in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the 1950s as an example of how z dissimilates back to s after r (PE19/73). It is clearly a verbal derivation of √RAS, which was translated as “stick up” in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/RAS).
Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon had ᴱQ. nohto- “stick out” under the early root ᴱ√NOHO “extended” (QL/67).
- Q. tar- v. “to stand”
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The root √TAR is translated “stand” in notes from around 1967 (PE17/186), and its past form tarne “stood” appears in a sentence from the same document: sanome tarne Olórin, Aracorno… “there stood Gandalf, Aragorn…” (PE17/71).
Conceptual Development: Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s had ᴱQ. hyā- “stand” (PE16/132). The Quenya Verbal System (QVS) of 1948 had a past form ᴹQ. tolle “stood” (PE22/117) and an inceptive verb ᴹQ. tolu- “stand up” (PE22/114) clearly based on ᴹ√TOL (Ety/TOL²), but later in the same document had ᴹQ. thar- “stand” based on the root ᴹ√THAR (PE22/126), probably a precursor to later tar- “stand” < √TAR.
- ᴹQ. tolu- v. “to stand up, get up, leave one’s seat”
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A verb in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948 given as an example of the inceptive use of the verbal extension u (PE22/114), clearly based on the root ᴹ√TOL (Ety/TOL²).
Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon, ᴱQ. tolu- was glossed “roll up, furl” under the early root ᴱ√TOL+U of similar meaning, contrasted with ᴱQ. velu- “unfurl” (QL/94).
Neo-Quenya: In Tolkien’s later writings it seems tar- became the usual verb for “stand”, but I would retain inceptive ᴹQ. tolu- “stand up, get up” for the sake of variety.
- ᴱQ. tyulta- v. “to rear up, stick up”
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A verb appearing as in ᴱQ. tyulta- “to rear up, stick up” the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√TYULU “tall” (QL/50).
Neo-Quenya: The root ᴹ√TYUL was translated “stand up (straight)” in Tolkien’s later writings (Ety/TYUL), so I would retain ᴺQ. tyulta- “to rear up, stick up” for purposes of Neo-Quenya.
- N. har- v. “to stand”
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A verb appearing as har “stand” on the back of one version of Thror’s Map from the 1930s (AotH/56). It might be related to ᴹQ. thar- “stand” from 1948 (PE22/126).
Neo-Sindarin: Since the later Elvish root for “stand” is √TAR, I would update this verb to ᴺS. tar- as suggested by Elaran.
- G. talc n. “upright”
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An adjective in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “upright”, probably related to G. tâl “foot” (GL/68) and the early root ᴱ√TALA “support” (QL/88).
Neo-Sindarin: Since √TAL was still the basis for “foot” words in Tolkien’s later writings, I would adapt this adjective as ᴺS. talch “upright, *(orig.) on one’s feet”.