11.51 Rich
- ᴹQ. herenya adj. “wealthy, rich, blessed, fortunat”
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A word in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “fortunate, wealthy, blessed, rich”, an adjectival form of ᴹQ. heren “fortune” under the root ᴹ√KHER “rule, govern, possess” (Ety/KHER). Tolkien indicated the literal meaning of the noun was “governance”, and its actual sense is “what is in store for one and what one has in store”. As such I think its adjective form has a meaning closer to “wealthy, rich = imbued with fortune (earned or expected)” rather than “fortunate = lucky”.
ᴱN. awes adj. “rich”-
The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. ausin “rich”, probably an adjectival form of G. avos “wealth, fortune, prosperity” (GL/20). Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document instead had awsin or awsirol, glossed “fortune” and connected by a brace (PE13/111). Though translated as nouns, both awsin or awsirol appear to be adjectives, the latter an adjectival form of G. awsir “fortune”. Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s had ᴱN. {aurin >>} awes “rich” with variants gwes and gwest.
11.52 Poor
- Q. pen- v. “not to have, *to lack”
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A verb in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 used as the negative of sam- “have” based on the root √PEN “lack, have not” as in penin “I haven’t” (PE17/146). Thus a better meaning might be “*to lack”.
Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. oito “lack” with past tense oionte under the early root ᴱ√OYO (QL/71).
- Q. penya adj. “lacking, inadequate; *poor”
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An adjective for “lacking” or “inadequate” in notes associated with the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60, appearing both its plural and singular forms (VT39/6, 19). It is likely based on the root √PEN “lack, be without” from the main Quendi and Eldar document (WJ/375).
Neo-Quenya: Helge Fauskanger used penya to mean “poor” in his Neo-Quenya New Testament (NQNT).
- S. pen- v. “not to have, *to lack”
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A verb in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 used as the negative of sav- “have” based on the root √PEN (PE17/146). Thus a better meaning might be “*to lack”. This verb was also mentioned in discussion of negation from around this time, along with the phrase penim vast “we have no bread” (PE17/144). In this note Tolkien mentioned that Sindarin did not use its negative particle ū- for the sense “without”, instead using preposition/prefixal pen instead, as in Iarwain Ben-adar “Oldest and Fatherless” (LotR/265; PE17/34, 144).
11.53 Beggar
- ᴱQ. iq- n. “to beg, ‘pray’ [ask earnestly]”
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A verb appearing in its 1st-singular form ᴱQ. iqin in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “I beg, ‘pray’”, derived the early root ᴱ√IQI “request, ask for” (QL/43). Tolkien specified it was used “only in this form” [1st-singular]. I suspect that the gloss ‘pray’ is in its archaic English sense “ask earnestly”.
Neo-Quenya: I would retain this as a general verb ᴺQ. iqu- “beg, ‘pray’ [ask earnestly]”, based on the Neo-Root ᴺ√IKWI(S). Helge Fauskanger used this verb for “to beg” in his Neo-Quenya New Testament (NQNT). For “pray [to God]” Fauskanger instead used hyam-, and I would do the same for purposes of Neo-Quenya.