12.223 Also
- Q. epetai conj. “consequently, *therefore; (lit.) following which (fact)”
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A conjunction translated “consequently” associated with the Ambidexters Sentence as part of the phrase epetai i hyarma ú ten ulca símaryassen “consequently the left hand was not to them evil in their imaginations” (VT49/8). Tolkien analyzed epetai as epe-ta-i “following which (fact)”, or more literally “*before-that-which” (VT49/8, 12). It had shorter adverbial variants epeta, epta meaning “following that, thereupon, thence, whereupon” (VT49/12).
Conceptual Development: Earlier versions of the Ambidexters Sentence used etta = “*out of that” and potai = “*before-that-which” with (o)po “before” instead of epë.
- Q. sië adv. “thus”
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A word for “thus” appearing in demonstrative notes from 1968 as an elaboration of si “this”. I would use this word primarily as an adverb in the sense “so, in this way”, as in carne sie “he did [it] thus”. For “thus” as a conjugation = “therefore”, I would use epetai.
- Q. ta adv. and conj. “so, like that, also; and also, then; etcetera”
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The word ta in Quenya was normally used as a demonstrative “that, there, then”. But it could also be used when listing of items in various ways (PE17/71). As Tolkien described it, ta “could be used before each new item in a series or list; but was mainly used only in such cases as would in English be marked by a pause (with or without ‘and’), that is in careful and precise description or enumeration, normally beginning with the item regarded as the most important”. For example: Olórin ta Aracorno ta Eomer ta Imrahil. This use of ta in lists was a reduction of tá “then”, so would mean something like “Gandalf then Aragorn then Eomer then Imrahil”.
Tolkien went on to say that “if as often in English the equivalent of ‘and’ was omitted, and [ta was] placed only before a final item, this would in Quenya represent a discontinuity, and what followed after ta would be an addition of something overlooked or less important”. For this second use he gave the example sentence: sanome tarne Olórin, Aracorno, Eomer, Imrahil, mi míse, mi telepta yo morna, mi laiqua yo ninque, mi luine, ta Gimli mi lossëa. Here Gimli is an addendum to the list, and the meaning would be something like “there stood Gandalf, Aragorn, Eomer [and] Imrahil in grey, in silver and black, in green and white, [and] in blue, and also Gimli in white”.
Finally, Tolkien said that the Quenya equivalent of “etcetera” [= and so forth] was either arta [= “and then”], ta ta [“then then”], or simply ta, but the last two usages were older. For example: tauresse ear aiwi, morcor, rusqui, ta ta [or arta] “in the forest there are birds, bears, foxes, and so forth”.
All of the discussion above is based on a single document from around 1964 (PE17/70-71). However, in demonstrative notes from 1968 Tolkien said tă could be used to mean “so, like that, also”, providing evidence that this usages of ta was not a transient idea (VT49/12). In this 1968 document the example Tolkien gave was ta mára “so good”.
- ᴹQ. yú adv. “too, *also”
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A word used for “too” in several sentences from the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) of 1948 (PE22/121-122), for example ᴹQ. qe (ai) e·tulle, (san) inye tulle yú “if/when he came, I came too”. It clearly means “too = *also”, and is probably connected to the dual sense of yú- “both”.
Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. yando “also” under the early root ᴱ√YA and related to ᴱQ. ya(n) “and” (QL/104). This word also appeared in the English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s, but there it was deleted (PE15/69).
- S. eithro adv. “*also”
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The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. arthi “also, as well, besides, too”, related to G. ar² “and” (GL/20). In the Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document, it became erthi “also, as well” after Tolkien introduced i-affection to the language (PE13/113). Years later, Tolkien had a similar form eithro in the Túrin Wrapper of the early 1950s (VT50/5), possibly still meaning “also” as suggested by Carl Hostetter (VT50/12), appearing in the (untranslated) phrase i·Veleglind i eithro en estar i·Chîn Húrin “*the Great Song that is also called the Children of Húrin”.
Neo-Sindarin: Since the etymology and meaning of eithro is rather unclear, Elaran suggested ᴺS. aich “also” < *as-jē as an alterative, connected to S. a(h) “and” < √AS. Personally I lean towards attested eithro, but given its obscurity aich “also” is a viable alterative.