12.24 to Open
- Q. láta adj. “open (not closed)”
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An adjective meaning “open” (= not closed) appearing in the Ósanwe-kenta essay from 1959-60 (VT39/23) and associated etymological notes, where it was derived from √LAT “open, unenclosed, free to entry” (VT41/5; PE17/159).
- Q. látië n. “openness”
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A noun for “openness” appearing in the Ósanwe-kenta essay from 1959-60 based on láta “open” (VT39/23).
- Q. latya n. “opening”
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An noun for “opening” appearing as an element in sanwë-latya “thought-opening” in the Ósanwe-kenta essay from 1959-60 (VT39/23). It is probably related to the verb latya- “open (so as to allow entry)”, perhaps an infinitive form.
- Q. latya- v. “to open anything (so as to allow entry)”
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A verb appearing in notes associated with the Ósanwe-kenta essay from 1959-60, glossed “to open anything (so as to allow entry)” and derived from √LAT “open, unenclosed, free to entry” (VT41/5; PE17/159).
- ᴹQ. palya- v. “to open wide, spread, expand, extend”
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A verb appearing as palu- or palya- in The Etymologies of the 1930s, translated “open wide, spread, expand, extend” and derived from the root ᴹ√PAL “wide (open)” (Ety/PAL).
- ᴹQ. panta adj. “open, [ᴱQ.] wide, spreading”
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An adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶pantā “open” under the root ᴹ√PAT (Ety/PAT).
Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. panta “open, wide, spreading” under the early root ᴱ√PATA² or PṆTṆ “open, spread out, show” (QL/72).
- ᴹQ. panta- v. “to open, spread out, unfurl, [ᴱQ.] unfold”
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A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “to unfurl, spread out, open” under the root ᴹ√PAT (Ety/PAT).
Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. panta- “open, unfold, spread” under the early root ᴱ√PATA² or PṆTṆ “open, spread out, show” (QL/72).
- ᴱQ. pantie n. “[act of] unfolding, opening, ⚠️revealing”
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A noun appearing as ᴱQ. pantie “unfolding, opening, revealing” in the Qenya Lexicon under the early root ᴱ√PṆTṆ “open, spread out, show” (QL/72).
Neo-Quenya: Since the root ᴹ√PAT was still associated with “open” in Tolkien’s later writings (Ety/PAT), I would retain ᴺQ. pantië “unfolding, opening” for purposes of Neo-Quenya as a gerund of the later verb ᴹQ. panta- “to unfurl, open”.
- G. belin adj. “expanded, unrolled, unfurled, set (of sails)”
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An adjective appearing in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as G. {belum >>} belin “expanded, unrolled, unfurled, set (of sails)”, based on the verb G. belu- “unroll, unfurl” (GL/22).
Neo-Sindarin: Since I retain the Neo-Root ᴺ√BELU “unroll, *unfurl” to serve as the basis for “sail” words, I would retain and adapt this Gnomish adjective as ᴺS. belen “expanded, unrolled, unfurled, set (of sails)”.
- G. beltha- v. “to open out, expand, unroll, set sail; to swell, belly (of sails)”
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A verb appearing as G. beltha- “open out (transitive), expand, unroll, set sails” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/22), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√VELU (or *ᴱ√BELU) “unroll” (QL/100). The verb G. beltha- was first translated as “to swell, belly (of sails), open out, expand (intransitive)”, but this intransitive sense was transfered to G. belu-.
Neo-Sindarin: Since I retain the Neo-Root ᴺ√BELU “unroll, *unfurl”, I would retain ᴺS. beltha- “to open out, expand, unroll, set sail”, properly pronounced bella- with Welsh-like long voiceless ll. I would also use this verb intransitively to mean “to swell, belly (of sails)”, mostly because we don’t know how u-verbs are conjugated in Sindarin.
- S. edra- v. “to open (out), *come out”
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A verb for “open” in the phrase annon edhellen, edro hi ammen “Elvish gate open now for us” (LotR/307), also mentioned in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√ETER “open, come out (of flowers, sun, etc.)” (Ety/ETER). In notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings (WPP) from the late 1950s or early 1960s, Tolkien glossed it as “open (out)”, specified that it was intransitive, and derived it from primitive ✶etr- while saying it was related to ✶et “out” (PE17/45).
Neo-Sindarin: This verb probably originally meant something like “to out [oneself] = to come out”, and I think that sense may remain viable based on the 1930s gloss of its root: Anor edras “the sun came out [from behind the clouds]”. For transitive “open” I would use [N.] panna-: panno i annon “open the gate”.
- N. panna- v. “to open, enlarge, *expand”
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A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing in its (Noldorin) infinitive form panno “to open, enlarge” under the root ᴹ√PAT (Ety/PAT). Given the glosses “to unfurl, spread out, open” for its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. panta-, I would assume panna- means “enlarge” in the sense “*expand”.
Neo-Sindarin: I currently recommend using ᴺS. panna- as a Neo-Sindarin verb for “arrange; put” inspired by G. panta-. Unfortunately, this conflicts with panna- “open”. In many cases the meaning should be clear from context based on the object of the verb, such as panno i fend “open the door” vs. panno i vegil bo i hardh “put the sword on the table”. Where things are ambiguous, I think the adverb ed “out” can be used to make the sense “open” more clear, as panno ed i golch “open (out) the box” vs. panno i golch v’i tham “put the box in the room” vs. panno ed i golch v’i tham “open (out) the box in the room”. Compare also intrasitive S. edra- “open (out)”.