12.14: to Lie, Recline Q. caita-¹ v. “to lie (down)” The Quenya verb for “lie” based on the root √KAY of the same meaning (PE17/72; PE22/156). It is a half-strong verb with half-strong past ceantë (PE22/157, 164), but it more commonly uses a strong past caine “lay” (PE17/72; PE22/159; VT48/12)
Select Elvish Words 12.13 to Sit
12.13: to Sit ᴱQ. haka- v. “to squat” A verb appearing as ᴱQ. haka- “squat” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as a cognate to G. hag- “sit, sit down” (GL/47). Neo-Quenya: I would retain ᴺQ. hac- “to squat” for purposes of Neo-Quenya as a derivative of a Neo-Root
Select Elvish Words 12.12: to Put, Place, Set, Lay
12.12 to Put, Place, Set, Lay Q. caita- v. “to lay (something down); [ᴱQ.] to place” In Tolkien’s later writings, caita- was generally used as an intransitive, half-strong verb meaning “to lie (down)”, with a past tense caine (strong) or ceante (half-strong). In Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from
Select Elvish Words 12.11: Place
12.11 Place ᴹQ. essea adj. “in place, local” A (rejected) word appearing as ᴹQ. essea “in place, local” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, an adjectival form of the word ᴹQ. esse “place” under the root ᴹ√ES² (EtyAC/ES). The entry and its derivatives were revised to words having to do
Select Elvish Words 11.87-11.88: Price, Expensive
11.87 Price ᴱN. bog n. “price, cost” A word appearing as ᴱN. bog “price, cost” in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s, clearly based on ᴱN. bag- “trade” and the early root ᴱ√VAKA (PE13/160; QL/99). Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would adapt this word as ᴺS. bauch “price,
Select Elvish Words 11.84-11.85: Merchant, Market
11.84 Merchant, Tradesman ᴹQ. makar n. “tradesman, *trader, merchant” A noun appearing as ᴹQ. makar “tradesman” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, an agental formation based on the root ᴹ√MBAKH “exchange” (Ety/MBAKH). The initial element mak- may reflect an alternate (earlier?) form of the root *√MBAK; compare G. bag- and
Select Elvish Words 11.83: to Trade
11.83 to Trade ᴹQ. manka- v. “to trade” A verb given as ᴹQ. {mahta- >> māka- >>} manka- “trade” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√MBAKH “exchange” (Ety/MBAKH). ᴹQ. mankale n. “commerce, *trade [as an activity]” A noun given as ᴹQ. {mahtale >>} mankale “commerce” in The
Select Elvish Words 11.73-11.82: Profit; to Sell
11.73 Gain, Profit G. gam(m)a- v. “to gain; to be profitable, bring in revenue; ⚠️gain, profit, interest (on moneys), increase” A word appearing as G. {gamba- >>} gama- or gamma- in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, appearing twice with two different translations: “gain, profit, interest (on moneys), increase” and
Select Elvish Words 11.66-11.69: Account, Surety, Tax
11.66 Account, Reckoning Q. not- v. “to count, ⚠️[ᴹQ.] reckon” A verb for “count” (PE17/63), most notable as an element in the adjective únótima “numberless, countless, (lit.) uncountable” from the phrase yéni únótimë ve rámar aldaron “long years numberless as the wings of trees” in the Namárië “poem” (LotR/377). In
Select Elvish Words 11.64: Debt
11.64 Debt ᴹQ. nauta adj. “bound, obliged” An adjective for “bound, obliged” in The Etymologies of the 1930s based on the root ᴹ√NUT “tie, bind” (Ety/NUT). ᴱQ. paitya- v. “to repay, requite” A verb appearing as ᴱQ. paitya- “repay, requite” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early