12.16: to Stay, Wait, Remain ᴹQ. hora- v. “to wait for” A verb appearing as ᴹQ. {hopa >> kopa >>} hora- “wait for” in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) written in 1948 as an example of an a-verb (PE22/113). It was derived from {ᴹ√skop >> ᴹ√kop >>} ᴹ√skor. ᴹQ. lemya-
Select Elvish Words 12.15 to Stand
12.15: to Stand Q. ras- v. “to stick out” A verb mentioned in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the 1950s as an example of how z dissimilates back to s after r (PE19/73). It is clearly a verbal derivation of √RAS, which was translated as “stick up” in The
Select Elvish Words 12.14 to Lie, Recline
12.14: to Lie, Recline Q. caita-¹ v. “to lie (down)” The Quenya verb for “lie” based on the root √KAY of the same meaning (PE17/72; PE22/156). It is a half-strong verb with half-strong past ceantë (PE22/157, 164), but it more commonly uses a strong past caine “lay” (PE17/72; PE22/159; VT48/12)
Select Elvish Words 12.13 to Sit
12.13: to Sit ᴱQ. haka- v. “to squat” A verb appearing as ᴱQ. haka- “squat” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as a cognate to G. hag- “sit, sit down” (GL/47). Neo-Quenya: I would retain ᴺQ. hac- “to squat” for purposes of Neo-Quenya as a derivative of a Neo-Root
Select Elvish Words 12.12: to Put, Place, Set, Lay
12.12 to Put, Place, Set, Lay Q. caita- v. “to lay (something down); [ᴱQ.] to place” In Tolkien’s later writings, caita- was generally used as an intransitive, half-strong verb meaning “to lie (down)”, with a past tense caine (strong) or ceante (half-strong). In Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from
Select Elvish Words 12.11: Place
12.11 Place ᴹQ. essea adj. “in place, local” A (rejected) word appearing as ᴹQ. essea “in place, local” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, an adjectival form of the word ᴹQ. esse “place” under the root ᴹ√ES² (EtyAC/ES). The entry and its derivatives were revised to words having to do
Select Elvish Words 11.87-11.88: Price, Expensive
11.87 Price ᴱN. bog n. “price, cost” A word appearing as ᴱN. bog “price, cost” in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s, clearly based on ᴱN. bag- “trade” and the early root ᴱ√VAKA (PE13/160; QL/99). Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would adapt this word as ᴺS. bauch “price,
Select Elvish Words 11.84-11.85: Merchant, Market
11.84 Merchant, Tradesman ᴹQ. makar n. “tradesman, *trader, merchant” A noun appearing as ᴹQ. makar “tradesman” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, an agental formation based on the root ᴹ√MBAKH “exchange” (Ety/MBAKH). The initial element mak- may reflect an alternate (earlier?) form of the root *√MBAK; compare G. bag- and
Select Elvish Words 11.83: to Trade
11.83 to Trade ᴹQ. manka- v. “to trade” A verb given as ᴹQ. {mahta- >> māka- >>} manka- “trade” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√MBAKH “exchange” (Ety/MBAKH). ᴹQ. mankale n. “commerce, *trade [as an activity]” A noun given as ᴹQ. {mahtale >>} mankale “commerce” in The
Select Elvish Words 11.73-11.82: Profit; to Sell
11.73 Gain, Profit G. gam(m)a- v. “to gain; to be profitable, bring in revenue; ⚠️gain, profit, interest (on moneys), increase” A word appearing as G. {gamba- >>} gama- or gamma- in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, appearing twice with two different translations: “gain, profit, interest (on moneys), increase” and