√KHAB “heap up, pile up” A root glossed “heap up, pile up” appearing in revisions written sometime after 1959 in the Outline of Phonology (OP2), where it replaced √KHAG “pile up” (PE19/91 and note #110, pp. 91-92). One notable derivative of √KHAB was S. haudh “funeral mound”, as opposed to
Elvish Roots
Select Primitive Elvish Roots: KE-KEW
√KE/EKE “may (be); have chance, opportunity or permission; it is open” This root appeared in various notes from the late 1960s as the basis for the particle of uncertainty Q. cé. This particle meant “if” or “maybe” in various contexts, but in notes from 1969 √KE was given the sense
Select Primitive Elvish Roots: KAŊA-KAY
ᴱ√KAŊA “weave, twine” A root appearing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as ᴱ√KANGA “weave” with various derivatives of similar meaning (QL/45), but the actual root probably had medial Ŋ as with ᴱ√KAŊA “twine” appearing later in that same document (QL/98). There are a number of probably-related forms in
Select Primitive Elvish Roots: KĀ-KAN
√KĀ after (later than) of time” A root appearing in notes from the late 1960s glossed “after (later than) of time”, appearing in variants √KĀ and √KATA (PE22/147), the latter perhaps being KA + TA. Although the root itself did not appear until very late in Tolkien’s writing, there are
Select Primitive Elvish Roots: I-IT
ᴹ√I¹ “that (deictic particle); [ᴱ√] here it is, root of relatives” A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “that (deictic particle)” (Ety/I¹). A similar root appeared in the Qenya and Gnomish Lexicons of the 1910s glossed “here it is” (QL/41) and “root of relatives” (GL/50). Given Tolkien’s long
Select Primitive Elvish Roots: HAN-HOR
√HAN “add to, increase, enhance, enrich, honour (especially by gift); give” This root did not explicitly appear until very late in Tolkien writing, in 1969-1970, but there were a few earlier precursors. Wynne, Smith, and Hostetter suggested the preposition Q. han “beyond” from Quenya prayers of the 1950s might be
Select Primitive Elvish Roots: GWAL-GYEL
√GWAL “be stirred, excited; emotion, movement of feelings” This root appeared in a couple different notes from the late 1950s, as {√GWAL} >> √WAL “emotion, movement of feelings” in one (PE17/189) and as √GWAL “be stirred, excited” in the other (PE17/154). However, its one Sindarin derivative balch “fierce, ferocious” (PE17/154)
Select Primitive Elvish Roots: GAL-GUR
√GAL¹ “light; shine, be bright” A Sindarin-only root for “light; shine”, a variant of √KAL of the same meaning. Its most notable derivative is S. galad “radiance, light”, an element in the names Galadriel and Gil-galad. This root did not explicitly appear in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where
Select Primitive Elvish Roots: EK-ETER
√EK “(sharp) point, spear, thorn” The root √EK was associated with pointed things for all of Tolkien’s life. It first appeared as the root ᴱ√EKE with variant ᴱ√EHE [eχe] in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/35), and as eke and eχe in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon where Tolkien made
Select Primitive Elvish Roots: DAL-ÐOTO
√DAL “bottom, ground; [ᴹ√] flat” This root first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√DAL with the gloss “flat” and various derivatives of similar meaning (Ety/DAL). It reappeared again in later notes as √DAL “bottom, ground” written in the late 1950s or early 1960s (PE17/150). In both places,