9.16 to Bind
- ᴱQ. hepe- v. “to bind”
-
A word appearing as ᴱQ. hepin “I bind” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s and as hepe- “bind” in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s, derived from the early root ᴱ√HEPE of the same meaning (QL/40). It reappeared in a past form hepsine “bound” in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s (PE14/56).
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I prefer to use neologisms like ᴺQ. hap- for “to bind” and ᴺQ. hep- for “to keep”, consistent with the later meaning of these roots.
- ᴱQ. lia- v. “to entwine”
-
A verb appearing as ᴱQ. lia- “entwine” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s derived from ᴱ√LI+ya “unite many as one” (QL/53).
Neo-Quenya: I think this verb can be retained for purposes of Neo-Quenya as a derivative of the later root ᴹ√SLIG.
- ᴹQ. nut- v. “to tie”
-
A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing as nutin “I tie” under the root ᴹ√NUT “tie, bind” (Ety/NUT).
- G. botheb- v. “to untie, undo, unloose”
-
A verb appearing as G. botheb- “undo, untie, unloose” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a combination of G. bod- “back” (also = “un-”) and G. heb- “bind” (GL/23).
Neo-Sindarin: Neither the prefix or the sense of the verb survived in Tolkien’s later writings, so I would using the neologism ᴺS. únod- “to untie, undo, unloose” instead, a negated form of the later verb [N.] nod- “to tie”.
- N. gwedh- v. “to bind”
-
A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “bind” appearing in its (Noldorin) infinitive form gwedi, with an archaic past form gwend/gwenn and a later past gweðant, all under the root ᴹ√WED “bind” (Ety/WED). Given its root, the expected stem form would be *gwedh-, so the form gwedi is probably either archaic or malformed.
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would assume its stem form was gwedh-, and I would modernize its past forms as described in the entry on the Sindarin past tense.
- N. naud n. “bound”
-
An adjective meaning “bound” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, cognate to ᴹQ. nauta “bound, obliged”, all under the root ᴹ√NUT “tie, bind” (Ety/NUT).
- N. nod- v. “to tie”
-
A verb glossed “tie” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, appearing as nud- under the root ᴹ√NUT “tie, bind” (Ety/NUT) but as nod- under the entry for the root ᴹ√WŌ, where Tolkien said it coalesced with N. nod- “count” in Exhilic Noldorin (Ety/WŌ). Since short [u] generally became [o] in Sindarin and Noldorin, it seems nud- was an archaic form and the modern form was nod- “to tie”, crowding out nod- “count” which in turn was replaced by other independent verbs like N. gonod- “to count (up)”, though nod “count” survived as an element in compounds (Ety/NOT, WŌ).
- N. taetha- v. “to fasten, tie”
-
A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “to fasten, tie”, under the root ᴹ√TAK “fix, make fast” (Ety/TAK). It is clearly based on an ancient causative form *taktā- “to make fixed/fast”, where the ancient k spirantalized and then vocalized and eventually produced the diphthong ae.