9.51 Beam
- ᴹQ. andul n. “long pole”
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A word appearing in the Declension of Nouns (DN) glossed “long pole” (PE21/33), perhaps related to anda “long”.
- ᴹQ. hana n. “post”
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A word for “post” in notes on the The Feanorian Alphabet from the 1940s (PE21/33) of unclear derivation, serving as an alternate name for the tengwar halla.
- ᴹQ. ran (ramb-) n. “beam of wood”
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A word appearing in the Declension of Nouns (DN) glossed “beam of wood” (PE21/27). It had a stem form of ramb- and a longer variant ramba, but in Tolkien’s later writings ramba was “wall”.
- ᴹQ. samna n. “wooden post”
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A noun appearing as {sauna >>} samna in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “wooden post”, apparently derived from ᴹ✶stabnē under the root ᴹ√STAB based on its Old Noldorin cognate ON. stabne > sthamne, though it is not clear how the final e became a in the Quenya word (Ety/STAB; EtyAC/STAB).
- Q. talca n. “post, mark”
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A word attested only as an element in lantalka “boundary post or mark” in notes on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from the late 1960s (VT42/8). Carl Hostetter suggested it and its Sindarin cognate S. tagol could be derived from primitive *✶tak(a)la based on the root √TAK “fix, make fast” (VT42/28).
- Q. tarma n. “pillar”
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A word for “pillar” attested as an element in several words like Meneltarma “Pillar of Heaven” (SA/tar) and Tarmasundar “Roots of the Pillar” (UT/166). Christopher Tolkien suggested it was related to tar- “high” (SA/tar), but it could also be related to tar- “stand”.
Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. sūle “pillar, column” under the early root ᴱ√SULU (QL/87) and ᴱQ. taule “pillar” under the early root ᴱ√TAW̯A (QL/90). The word súle “column” also appeared in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/87), while the plural form Tauler appeared in the Official Name List (PE13/104), both documents also from the 1910s.
- ᴱQ. vanga n. “staff”
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The Qenya Lexicon had ᴱQ. vandl “staff” under the early root ᴱ√VAHA having to do with travel (QL/99), while the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. vanga “staff” as the cognate of G. bang (GL/21).
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I prefer to retain ᴺQ. vanga for “staff”, but Helge Fauskanger used ᴺQ. vandil “staff” in his Neo-Quenya New Testament (NQNT).
- ᴱN. bang n. “staff”
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A noun appearing as {bangul >> bangol >>} G. bang “staff” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/21). The deleted forms were perhaps cognates of ᴱQ. vandl “staff” appearing in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon under the early root ᴱ√VAHA having to do with travel (QL/99), but in the Gnomish Lexicon proper Tolkien gave the Qenya cognate as ᴱQ. vanga. As for the Gnomish form, it reappeared as ᴱN. bang “staff” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/138).
Neo-Sindarin: I’d retain ᴺS. bang “staff” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin.
- G. gontha n. “pillar, stele, memorial”
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A noun appearing as G. gontha- “a pillar, stele, memorial” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an elaboration of G. gonn “stone” (GL/41). The reason for the “-” at the end of the word is unclear. This word was originally G. gontha- “boy”.
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin I would update this word to ᴺS. gonnoth “pillar, stele, memorial” with the augmentative suffix -oth, so originally “*great stone”.
- S. tagol n. “post, mark”
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A word attested only as an element in glandagol “boundary post or mark” in notes on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from the late 1960s (VT42/8). Carl Hostetter suggested it and its Quenya cognate Q. talka could be derived from primitive *✶tak(a)la based on the root √TAK “fix, make fast” (VT42/28).
- N. thafn n. “post, wooden pillar”
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A noun appearing as N. thafn “post, wooden pillar” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from ON. sthamne < ᴹ✶stabnē under the root ᴹ√STAB having to do with wooden things (Ety/STAB). Here the f in thafn was almost certainly pronounced “v” in keeping with Noldorin spelling conventions.
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin I would update this word to ᴺS. thavn to better fit Sindarin spelling conventions; the pronunciation of the word wouldn’t change. I would use this word only for a wooden pillar or post, which was probably more common in Sindarin construction. For a stone pillar I would use [ᴺS.] gonnoth.
Conceptual Development: Earlier pillar words include G. talpon “a slender pillar” based on G. talp¹ “prop or support” (GL/69) and G. taul {“burden” >>} “a pillar” related to G. tul- “†to support” (GL/69), both from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s.
- N. tulu n. “support, prop”
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A noun from The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “support, prop” derived from ON. tulugme < ᴹ✶tulukmē under the root ᴹ√TULUK (Ety/TULUK).
Conceptual Development: Earlier words of similar meaning include G. talp¹ “prop or support” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s based on the early root ᴱ√tlp (GL/69) and ᴱN. taichr “prop, support” from Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s derived from primitive ᴱ✶tank’rú (PE13/153). An earlier word of similar derivation was G. taul {“burden” >>} “a pillar” related to G. tul- “†to support” (GL/69).
9.52 Board
- ᴹQ. pano n. “piece of shaped wood, *board, plank”
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A noun from The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “piece of shaped wood” derived from ᴹ✶panō under the root ᴹ√PAN “place, set, fix in place (especially of wood)” (Ety/PAN).
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would also use this word for “*board, plank”, based on the meaning of its Noldorin cognate N. pân.
Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. sarat (sarakt-) “plank” under the early root ᴱ√SARA [ÞARA] (QL/82), whereas ᴱQ. pano was “series, course, plan, arrangement” under the early root ᴱ√PANA “arrange” (QL/72). The English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s had ᴱQ. panta “board” (PE15/70), which seems to be a precursor to pano “piece of shaped wood” from the 1930s (Ety/PAN; see above). The root √PAN still meant “arrange” in Tolkien’s later writings (PE17/108), but whether it was connected to “boards” is unclear.
- N. pân n. “plank, fixed board (especially in a floor)”
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A noun from The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “plank, fixed board, especially in a floor” derived from ON. pano < ᴹ✶panō under the root ᴹ√PAN “place, set, fix in place (especially of wood)” (Ety/PAN).
Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. thrad “a plank, board, shelf” (GL/73), clearly related to ᴱQ. sarat “plank” from the contemporaneous Quenya Lexicon under the early root ᴱ√SARA [ÞARA] (QL/82). The word thrad also appeared elsewhere in the Gnomish Lexicon with just the glosses “a board, shelf”, but this other entry was deleted (GL/72).
9.54 Brick
- ᴹQ. ambal n. “shaped stone, flag [stone]”
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A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “shaped stone, flag” under the root ᴹ√MBAL (Ety/MBAL).
- ᴱQ. telar n. “brick, tile”
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A word appearing as ᴱQ. telar “brick” or “tile” in various documents from the 1920s, derived from primitive ᴱ✶tesare (PE13/153; PE14/70; PE16/138). The middle l is therefore probably the result of dissimilation away from the final r.
Neo-Quenya: In Tolkien’s later writings, an ancient s that became z dissimilated back to s before a following r, as with kazār > casar (PE17/45; PE19/73). Therefore, I would adapt this early word as ᴺQ. tesar “brick, tile” to better fit later Quenya phonology.
- ᴱN. teiar n. “brick”
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A word appearing as ᴱN. teiar “brick” in Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s, derived from primitive ᴱ✶tesare (PE13/153). The middle i is seems to be the result of some vocalization of ancient s > h.
Neo-Sindarin: In later Sindarin, intervocalic s > h usually vanishes, but occasionally survives if it separates otherwise awkward vowel combinations, as in ahamar “neighbor” or arahadhw “throne”. Thus I would adapt this early word as ᴺS. tehar “brick”. However, tëar is also possible; compare [N.] noen < *nusina (EtyAC/NUS).