10.13 to Turn Around
- Q. nuquerna adj. “reversed, inverted, *(lit.) under-turned”
-
A word meaning “reversed” (LotR/1123) or “inverted” (PE22/49) in the names of the tengwars árë nuquerna and silmë nuquerna. It appears to be a combination of nu “under” and an adjectival form querna of the verb quer- “turn”, so more literally “*under-turned”. Thus it only means “reversed” in a vertical direction, and “inverted” is a more accurate translation.
- Q. queren (querend-) n. “pivot, revolving centre”
-
A word appearing in its stem form querend- in etymological notes from the mid-1960s, with the glosses “pivot” and “revolving centre” (PE17/65). It was based on the root √KWER “revolve”, and its isolate would reduce to *queren.
- Q. ric- v. “to twist”
-
A verb appearing in notes associated with Quendi and Eldar (Q&E) essay from 1959-60, given only in its perfect form iríkie “has twisted” and based on the root √RIK “twist” (VT39/9).
Conceptual Development: A similar verb ᴱQ. riqi- “wrench, twist” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s based on the early root ᴱ√RIQI or ᴱ√RIKI (QL/80).
- ᴱQ. rinqa adj. “revolving, returning, recurrent; ⚠️round, circular”
-
An adjective appearing as ᴱQ. rinqa in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “round, circular; revolving, returning, recurrent” and based on the early root ᴱ√RINI having to do with circles (QL/80).
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would use the later word ᴹQ. rinda for “circular”, but I would retain ᴺQ. rinqua for the meanings “revolving, returning, recurrent”, originally of the sense “*moving in a circle”.
- N. pelthaes n. “pivot”
-
A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “pivot”, a combination of ᴹ√PEL “revolve on a fixed point” and N. taes “nail”, more exactly a derivative of ON. pelthaksa (Ety/PEL; TAK). In their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies, Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne noted that Tolkien had a variant form pelhes under the entry for ᴹ√TAK, but that probably was a slip for pelthes (EtyAC/TAK).
- G. rig- v. “to twist, contort; *to confuse, disarrange, upset”
-
A verb appearing as G. rig- “twist, contort” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/65). It was clearly based on the early root ᴱ√RIKI from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon of similar meaning; compare ᴱQ. riqi- “wrench, twist” (QL/80). The Gnomish verb had a longer variant rictha- “contort, twist” which also had an extended meaning “confuse, disarrange, upset”.
Neo-Sindarin: The root √RIK “twist” survived in Tolkien’s later writings, so I would retain ᴺS. rig- “to twist, contort” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, but I would also give it the extended meaning “*to confuse, disarrange, upset” from its longer Gnomish form.
- G. rin- v. “to revolve, ⚠️return, come back; to do again”
-
A verb appearing as G. rin- “(intr.) revolve, return, come back; do again” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/65), based on the early root ᴱ√RINI having to do with circles (QL/80).
Neo-Sindarin: The root ᴹ√RIN was still associated with circles in Tolkien’s later writings, so I would retain ᴺS. rin-, but only in the limited sense “to revolve” = “*to circle round”. For “return” I would use the later verb dandol-.