14.41 Day
- ᴹQ. arie n. “daytime”
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A noun for “daytime” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, an elaboration of ᴹQ. are “day” under the root ᴹ√AR¹ of the same meaning (Ety/AR¹).
Conceptual Development: The entry for ᴹ√GAL¹ “shine” had ᴹQ. alan “daytime” based on ᴹQ. ala “day”, but these words were deleted (EtyAC/GAL¹).
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would retain arie “daytime” despite Tolkien’s switch to the word aurë “day”, by assuming arie is an abstraction of árë “sunlight” with the meaning “*time of sunlight”.
- Q. aurë n. “day (as opposed to night), [time of] daylight, ⚠️morning, sunlight, [ᴱQ.] sunshine, gold light, warmth”
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The usual Quenya word for “day” (RC/727; S/190). It more specifically meanings “day” as opposed to “night” (PE17/148). The word “day” for an entire 24-hour period is ré instead (LotR/1107; PE22/158). Aure is derived from the root √UR “heat, be hot” based on primitive ✶auri “heat, period of sun” (PE17/120, 148). The word aure was sometimes translated “sunlight, daylight” (PE17/120) or “morning” (MC/222), but the former may have been its ancient meaning and the latter a loose translation.
Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s ᴱQ. aure was glossed “sunlight, sunshine, gold light, warmth” under the early root had ᴱ√AWA “burn; be parched, yellow, warm” (QL/33). That document also had ᴱQ. kala “daytime (sunlight), 12 hours” under ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” (QL/44). ᴱQ. kale “day” appeared in the Early Qenya Grammar (EQG) of the 1920s as an example of an e-noun, but was replaced by ᴱQ. tantare “dance” (PE14/43).
Drafts of the ᴱQ. Oilima Markirya from around 1930 had ᴱQ. lá “day” (PE16/75). The Etymologies of the 1930s at first had ᴹQ. ala “day” based on the root ᴹ√GAL¹ “shine” which was a variant of ᴹ√KAL (EtyAC/GAL¹). But {ala} was deleted and probably replaced by ᴹQ. are “day” based on primitive ᴹ✶ari under the root ᴹ√AR¹ also meaning “day” (Ety/AR¹).
Tolkien had ara “day” in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/109) but the usual form was are or áre “day” up through the 1950s (PM/127; VT43/18). When finalizing The Lord of the Rings appendices, Tolkien decided that árë meant “sunlight” (LotR/1123), and around this time decided that aurë was “day” as described above.
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would mostly use aurë for “day[time]”, but would also use it for “daylight” as a time period: “go when it is daylight [aurë]”. I would not use aurë for “sunlight”, and would instead use árë.
- Q. ré n. “day (period from sunset to sunset)”
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A word for “day” as a 24 hour period, measured from sunset to sunset (LotR/1107). A footnote in the 1st edition of The Lord of the Rings specified that it included both aurë “day(light)” and lómë “night” (RC/727). Notes from 1969 said it was also used of a calendar day (PE22/158), and it is indeed an element in many named holidays such Yestarë for the first day of the year (PE17/120) and Cormarë “Ring Day” (LotR/1112). It is ultimately based √ER “one, single”, with primitive ✶rē originally meaning a “single item taken out of a (long) series” (PE22/158).
Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s gave ᴱQ. sana as the cognate of G. dana “day (24 hours)” (GL/29). In its shortened form -san, this Early Quenya word appeared in Quenya day names from the 1910s such as ᴱQ. Manwisan and ᴱQ. Vardasan (PE14/22).
- S. aur n. “(whole) day, ⚠️[N.] morning”
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The usual Sindarin word for “day”, with a prefixal form of or- in names of days of the week. In Quenya Note (QN) from 1957, Tolkien said that aur was derived from ✶aurĭ- “heat, period of sun” based on √UR, and it meant “a whole day” as opposed to its Quenya cognate aure which was only daytime (PE17/148). Indeed, a footnote appearing in the 1st edition of The Lord of the Rings [not appearing in later editions] stated that “The [Quenya] ré contained aure day(light) and lóme (night); in Sindarin the terms were aur containing calan and fuin” (RC/727).
Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien glossed N. aur as “day, morning” but derived it from the root ᴹ√AR¹ “day”, along with N. arad “daytime, a day” (Ety/AR¹).
In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, the word G. aur(a) “sun” was likely derived from the early root ᴱ√URU as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (GL/20; LT1A/Ûr). This 1910s document also had [rejected] G. glâ “day, daytime” (GL/39) and G. gôl “daylight, day (i.e. in sense, time sun is above horizon)” (GL/41). A 24 hour day was G. dana (GL/29), which became dân “day” in Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document (PE13/112).
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would use S. aur for a calendar day or a 24 hour period, calan for “daylight, daytime”, and would use a neologism ᴺS. amor for “morning” as inspired by Q. amaurë.
- S. calan n. “day(light), *daytime”
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A word appearing in a footnote from the 1st edition of The Lord of the Rings [not appearing in later editions] stating: “The [Quenya]” ré contained aure day(light) and lóme (night); in Sindarin the terms were aur containing calan and fuin” (RC/727). As such calan clearly means “day(light)” or “*daytime”. It is obviously derived from the root √KAL having to do with light.
- S. or- pref. “-day”
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A prefixal form of aur “day” appearing in names of the days of the week such as Oranor “Sunday” and Orithil “Moonday = Monday” (LotR/1110; PE17/120). The o is the result of the usual sound change whereby au becomes o in polysyllables.
Conceptual Development: Day names in The Etymologies of the 1930s used N. ar- “day” based on the root ᴹ√AR¹ of the same meaning (Ety/AR¹). The same prefix ar- appeared in drafts of The Lord of the Rings appendixes (PM/130) before being revised to the or- forms seen in the published version (PM/138). This change to the day prefix reflected the etymological changes in day words like S. aur; see that entry for discussion.
14.412 Daily
- Q. ilaurëa adj. “*daily”
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A word for “daily” appearing in Átaremma, a Quenya version of the Lord’s Prayer from the 1950s (VT43/13). It is a combination of il- “all” with an adjective form of aurë “day” as suggested by Wynne, Smith, and Hostetter (VT43/18). Earlier drafts of the prayer had ilyarëa or (archaic) ilyázea (VT43/8-11) where the first element is ilya and the second element was either [ᴹQ.] are “day” from The Etymologies or later árë “sunlight” < √AS.
Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. kalenda “of the day, opposite to night; daily” based on the early root ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” with other derivatives like ᴱQ. kala “daytime (sunlight), 12 hours” (QL/44).
- S. ilaurui adj. “*daily”
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A word for “daily” appearing in Ae Adar Nín, a Sindarin version of the Lord’s Prayer from the 1950s (VT44/21). It is clearly a combination of il “all”, aur “day”, and the adjective suffix -ui, as suggested by Bill Welden (VT44/28).
Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. danoriol “daily” as an adjectival form of G. dana “day (24 hours)” (GL/29).