7.42 Bed
- ᴹQ. kaima n. “bed”
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A noun for “bed” in The Etymologies from around 1937 under the root ᴹ√KAY “lie down” (Ety/KAY).
Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. kaima was glossed “couch” under the early root ᴱ√KAYA “lie, rest; dwell” (QL/46) and ᴱQ. kamba was glossed “bed” under the early root ᴱ√KAMA¹ “lie down” (QL/44). However, ᴱQ. kaima was “bed” in the English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s (PE15/70). The form kaimas appeared unglossed in The Feanorian Alphabet of the 1930s (PE22/19), possibly an inflected form of kaima “bed”.
- ᴹQ. nirwa n. “bolster, cushion”
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A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from ᴹ✶nidwō “bolster, cushion” under the root ᴹ√NID “lean against” (Ety/NID).
- ᴹQ. quesset (quessec-) n. “pillow”
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A noun for “pillow” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KWES having to do with feathers (Ety/KWES). Given its cognate N. pesseg, its stem form is probably quessec- as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (QQ/quesset).
- N. haust n. “bed”
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A word for “bed” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶khau̯-stā “rest-ing” under the root ᴹ√KHAW “rest, lie at ease” (Ety/KHAW; EtyAC/KHAW).
Conceptual Development: A similar form G. haus “bed” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s based on G. hau- “to lie” (GL/48).
- N. nedhw n. “bolster, cushion”
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A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from ᴹ✶nidwō “bolster, cushion” under the root ᴹ√NID “lean against” (Ety/NID). The ancient stressed wō became wa (ON. nidwa), which resulted in a-affection changing i to e to produce nedhw.
Neo-Sindarin: Many Neo-Sindarin writers adapt this word as ᴺS. nedhu “bolster, cushion” to better reflect the actual pronunciation, as suggested in Hiswelókë’s Sindarin Dictionary (HSD). Compare S. madu < madw̯ (PE17/148).
- N. pesseg n. “pillow”
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A noun for “pillow” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KWES having to do with feathers (Ety/KWES).
7.43 Chair
- Q. hanwa n. “seat, *chair”
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A noun in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) written in 1969, given as hanw̃a “seat” and derived from primitive ✶khadmā “seat” where dm became nm [χanmā] and then nw (PE22/148). Early iterations of this word also meant “chair”, so this word may have that meaning as well.
Conceptual Development: The earliest “seat” words were ᴱQ. sōra {“seat, throne” >>} “seat” and ᴱQ. sonda “seat, chair” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√SOŘO [SOÐO] (QL/85-86). Tolkien revised the root to ᴱ√SORO (ÐORO) after which the form sonda was deleted. In the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa Tolkien had only ᴱQ. sonda “seat” (PME/86).
In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien had ᴹQ. handa “chair” under the root ᴹ√KHAD, but Tolkien revised the root to ᴹ√KHAM “sit” and the Quenya form to ᴹQ. hamma “chair” (Ety/KHAM; EtyAC/KHAM). Tolkien then introduced a new root ᴹ√KHAM² “call to, summon”, saying that “KHAM sit (replacing KHAD, cancelled)”, so apparently the root for “sit” reverted back to KHAD. This is supported by the 1969 “seat” word hanwa seen above.
- Q. mahalma n. “throne”
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A noun for “throne” in the phrase nai tiruvantes i hárar mahalmassen mi Númen “in the keeping of those who sit upon thrones of the West” (UT/305, 317). In the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60, Tolkien said that mahalma was derived from Valarin maχallām of the same meaning and was “properly one of the seats of the Valar” (WJ/399). As such, this word is unlikely to be used for an ordinary “throne”, which instead would be tarhanwa.
- Q. tarhanwa n. “throne, (lit.) high seat”
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A noun for “throne” in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) written in 1969, a combination of tar- “high” and hanwa “seat” (PE22/148). Tolkien previously considered a form arkanwar which also seems to mean “*thrones” (PE22/147 and note #10), where the initial element was ar(a)- “noble, high”.
- S. arahadhw n. “throne, (lit.) high seat”
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A word for “throne” in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969, equivalent to Q. tarhanwa, with various Sindarin forms arahand, arahaðm, arahaðw and archaf (PE22/148). The initial element is ar(a)-, which was elsewhere glossed “noble, royal, high”. The second element is derived from √KHAD “sit” (PE18/95). The variant with -hand seems based on (unattested) primitive *✶hand(ǝ); compare this to deleted {N. hand} “seat” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/KHAM). The variants with -haðm and -haðw are clearly based on primitive ✶khadmā “seat” appearing on the same page in LVS (PE22/148), with -haðm being the more ancient form.
The fourth form with -chaf may also be a variant derivation of the ✶khadmā, since lower on the page Tolkien proposed dm > v as a Sindarin phonetic development. This development is inconsistent with Tolkien ideas elsewhere (generally dm > ðw > -dhu when final) and I think it was a transient idea.
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin I would combine the final element of the third form with the initial element of the fourth form to get ᴺS. archadhu “throne, (lit.) high seat” as the most phonologically plausible form.
Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. doros “throne” as an elaboration of G. dorn “seat” (GL/30). Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s had ᴱN. {aicod >>} turhod “throne”, a combination of ᴱN. tûr “power” and ᴱN. haud “seat” (PE13/154-155).
- S. hadhu n. “seat, *chair”
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A word appearing as haðw “seat” in Late Notes on Verb Structure from 1969 derived from primitive ✶khadmā (PE22/148). In more typical Sindarin orthography it would be hadhu. Based on earlier versions of this word, it may mean “*chair” as well (see below).
Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. dorn “seat” (GL/19), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√ÐORO “sit” (QL/85). In Early Noldorin Word-lists this became ᴱN. {hód >>} haud “seat” (PE13/147).
A draft entry to The Etymologies of the 1930s had N. hand “seat” and N. hanw “chair” derived from the root ᴹ√KHAD (EtyAC/KHAM). Tolkien updated this root form to ᴹ√KHAM “sit” with a noun form N. ham or hanw, with a hard-to-read gloss that was probably “?chair” (Ety/KHAM; EtyAC/KHAM). Tolkien then created yet another root ᴹ√KHAM² “call to, summon”, saying that “KHAM sit (replacing KHAD, cancelled)”, so apparently the root for “sit” reverted back to KHAD. This is supported by the 1969 “seat” word haðw seen above.
7.44 Table
- ᴱQ. palukta n. “table”
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A noun appearing as ᴱQ. palukta “table” in Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√PALA having to do with flat things (QL/71).
Neo-Quenya: Since √PAL was still associated with flat things in Tolkien’s later writing ([ᴹQ.] palar “flat field”, Q. palta “flat of the hand”), I would retain this word for purposes of Neo-Quenya in a slightly modified form: ᴺQ. paluhta “table”.
- G. sard n. “table”
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A noun appearing as G. sard “table” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, which Tolkien compared to G. thrad “plank” (GL/67, 73). It was likely based on the early root ᴱ√SARA from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon having to do with sawing and sawed things like planks (QL/82). However, elsewhere in Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien had G. thar- “ to saw (up)” indicating a variant or revised root ᴱ√ÞARA (GL/72).
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would assume the verbal sense of thar- “to saw” might still be viable as related to the later root √THAR¹ “*across” (referring to a sawing motion). From this I would adapt the Gnomish word for “table” as ᴺS. sardh, where the final rd became rdh as with words like gardh, and the initial s is due to dissimilation of th away from the final spirant dh; compare to úsaeth a deleted variant of úthaes (VT44/30).