13.542 Large Cardinal Number
- ᴱQ. enekkainen num. “sixty”
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The Early Qenya Grammar (EQG) of the 1920s had ᴱQ. enekkainen “sixty” as a combination of ᴱQ. enekse “six” and ᴱQ. kainen “ten” (PE14/49, 82).
Neo-Quenya: Late in Tolkien’s life, Tolkien changed the Quenya word for “ten” to quëan or quain, which has been the basis for various neologisms for “sixty”: ᴺQ. enenquëan, ᴺQ. enenquain, or ᴺQ. enquain. I prefer to use ᴺQ. enquain for purposes of Neo-Quenya.
- ᴱQ. huekainen num. “ninety”
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The Early Qenya Grammar (EQG) of the 1920s had ᴱQ. {huokainen >>} huekainen “ninety” as a combination of ᴱQ. hue “nine” and ᴱQ. kainen “ten” (PE14/49, 83).
Neo-Quenya: Late in Tolkien’s life, Tolkien changed the Quenya word for “ten” to quëan or quain, which has been the basis for various neologisms for “ninety”: ᴺQ. neterquëan or ᴺQ. neterquain. I prefer to use ᴺQ. neterquain for purposes of Neo-Quenya.
- ᴱQ. húme num. “thousand; †great number”
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The Early Qenya Grammar (EQG) of the 1920s had several different words for “thousand”. The manuscript version had ᴱQ. {súme >> húme >> ellume >>} húme “thousand”, originally meaning “a great number” (PE14/50 and note #56). The typescript version had ᴱQ. maite (maisi-) “thousand” (PE14/83).
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I use ᴺQ. húmë “thousand” since Q. maitë means “handy; handed” in Tolkien’s later writings. Some Neo-Quenya writers prefer ᴺQ. mencë “thousand” as a hypothetical cognate to S. meneg.
- ᴱQ. kan(ta)kainen num. “forty”
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The Early Qenya Grammar (EQG) of the 1920s had ᴱQ. kan(ta)kainen “forty” as a combination of ᴱQ. kanta “four” and ᴱQ. kainen “ten” (PE14/49, 82).
Neo-Quenya: Late in Tolkien’s life, Tolkien changed the Quenya word for “ten” to quëan or quain, which has been the basis for various neologisms for “forty”: ᴺQ. canaquëan, ᴺQ. canaquain, or ᴺQ. canquain. I prefer to use ᴺQ. canquain for purposes of Neo-Quenya.
- ᴱQ. leminkainen num. “fifty; ⚠️twenty three”
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The Early Qenya Grammar (EQG) of the 1920s had ᴱQ. leminkainen “fifty” as a combination of ᴱQ. lemin “five” and ᴱQ. kainen “ten” (PE14/49, 83). In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s leminkainen was instead “23”, perhaps “*five and eighteen” (QL/82). Compare later specialized “eighteen” words like 1920s ᴱQ. hualqe and 1930s nahta, though generally in Tolkien’s later writings kainen was “ten”. Christopher Tolkien suggested “23” was his father’s age at the time leminkainen was first coined, likely in 1915 (LT1/246).
Neo-Quenya: Late in Tolkien’s life, Tolkien changed the Quenya word for “ten” to quëan or quain, which has been the basis for various neologisms for “ninety”: ᴺQ. lepenquëan or ᴺQ. lepenquain. I prefer to use ᴺQ. lepenquain for purposes of Neo-Quenya.
- ᴱQ. nel(de)kainen num. “thirty”
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The Early Qenya Grammar (EQG) of the 1920s had ᴱQ. nel(de)kainen “thirty” as a combination of ᴱQ. nelde “three” and ᴱQ. kainen “ten” (PE14/49, 83).
Neo-Quenya: Late in Tolkien’s life, Tolkien changed the Quenya word for “ten” to quëan or quain, which has been the basis for various neologisms for “ninety”: ᴺQ. nelequëan, ᴺQ. nelequain, or ᴺQ. nelquain. I prefer to use ᴺQ. nelquain for purposes of Neo-Quenya.
- ᴱQ. otsokainen num. “seventy”
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The Early Qenya Grammar (EQG) of the 1920s had ᴱQ. otsokainen “seventy” as a combination of ᴱQ. otso “seven” and ᴱQ. kainen “ten” (PE14/49, 83).
Neo-Quenya: Late in Tolkien’s life, Tolkien changed the Quenya word for “ten” to quëan or quain, which has been the basis for various neologisms for “seventy”: ᴺQ. otoquëan or ᴺQ. otoquain. I prefer to use ᴺQ. otoquain for purposes of Neo-Quenya.
- ᴱQ. tol(to)cainen num. “eighty”
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The Early Qenya Grammar (EQG) of the 1920s had ᴱQ. tol(to)kainen “eighty” as a combination of ᴱQ. tolto “eight” and ᴱQ. kainen “ten” (PE14/49, 83).
Neo-Quenya: Late in Tolkien’s life, Tolkien changed the Quenya word for “ten” to quëan or quain, which has been the basis for various neologisms for “eighty”: ᴺQ. toloquëan, toloquain, or ᴺQ. tolquain. I prefer to use ᴺQ. tolquain for purposes of Neo-Quenya.
- ᴱQ. tuksa num. “hundred; ⚠️gross, 144”
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In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. tuksa was the number “144” [twelve twelves], also translated as a “gross” and based the early root ᴱ√TUKU² (QL/95), apparently part of a duodecimal counting system. In this document, the word for “hundred” was ᴱQ. tuksa pínea [little hundred] or tuksa lempea [decimal hundred]. In the Early Qenya Grammar (EQG) of the 1920s, however, tuksa simply meant “hundred” without any reference to duodecimals (PE14/49, 83).
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I use ᴺQ. tuxa for “hundred” since there are no other clear alternatives.
- Q. yucainen num. “twenty”
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The Quenya word for “twenty” seems to have been yucainen from the 1920s to the 1950s (CPT/1298; PE14/49, 82), a combination of yu- “double” and cainen “ten”.
Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had two distinct words for “twenty” ᴱQ. atwen and ᴱQ. uiven, whose initial elements were based respectively on the two different the early dual roots ᴱ√ATA¹ and ᴱ√WI¹ (QL/33).
Neo-Quenya: Late in Tolkien’s life, Tolkien changed the Quenya word for “ten” to quëan or quain, so many Neo-Quenya writers update these early words to either ᴺQ. yúquëan or ᴺQ. yuquain. I prefer yuquain, since I believe quain is the form of “ten” used in compounds based on quainëa “tenth”.
- ᴹQ. yurasta num. “twenty four”
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A specialized word for “twenty four” that was part of a duodecimal system of counting in notes from the 1930s, a combination of yú- “both” and -rasta “twelve”, so more literally “*two twelves” (PE14/17 note #6).
- N. host num. “gross (144)”
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A word for a “gross (144)” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KHOTH “gather” (Ety/KHOTH).
Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. beleth(os) “a gross, 144; a great number” based on G. beleg “mighty, great” (GL/22).
- S. meneg num. “thousand, *a large number”
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A word for a “thousand” implied by the name Menegroth “Thousand Caves” (S/56; WJ/415). It is possible this word simply means “*a large number” rather than being precisely 1000.
Conceptual Development: In the 1930s, the name Menegroth was Ilkorin (Ety/ROD), and thus the word meneg likely also belonged to that language. The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. moth(in) or mothwen “thousand”, originally meaning “flock” and related to G. moth “sheep” (GL/58).