13.16 More
- Q. amba adj. and pron. “more”
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An adjective or (pro)noun for “more” along with an adverbial form ambë derived from √AMA “addition, increase, plus” (PE17/91). These words were part of a (brief?) conceptual framework around 1967 in which the intensive prefix am- was derived from this root. Elsewhere the root √AM generally meant “up”, and Tolkien seems to have reverted to an-intensives by 1969 as evidenced by anírime “most beautiful” (PE23/133).
Neo-Quenya: Despite these conceptual changes, I think it is worth retaining amba and ambe “more”, perhaps based on *an-bē and *an-bā. The first of these would clash with amba “up”, but I think it could usually be distinguished by context: á anta amba nin “give more to me” vs. mennes amba i oron “he went up the mountain”. See √AMA for more discussion.
- Q. arta adv. “etcetera, *and so forth”
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A Quenya equivalent of “etcetera, *and so forth”, a combination of ar “and” plus ta used in giving an addenda to lists: malta, tyelpe, míri, arta “gold, silver, jewels, etc.” (PE17/71). Sometimes it is simply give as ta or ta ta, especially in older language. See ta “also” for further discussion.
- Q. entë adv. “moreover, further(more), what is more; *next (of time or in a sequence)”
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An adverb glossed “moreover, further(more), what is more” with an adjectival variant Q. enta “another, one more”, both derived from √ENET which is an extension of √EN “once more, again” (VT47/15). Of the adjective Tolkien said that it was “not except by implication ‘another different one’ (VT47/40)”, for which I would instead use hyana; see that entry for discussion.
Conceptual Development: The Arctic Sentence from 1929 had a similar word ᴱQ. ento “next”, a possible precursor.
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would assume [ᴹQ.] enta means “that yonder” when used as a pronoun or adverb, especially when further inflected: á mene entanna “go to that/there yonder” vs. á anta nin enta yulma “give me another [similar] drink” vs. á anta nin hyana yulma “give me another [different] drink”. See the entry on correlatives for further discussion of the “that yonder” use of enta.
- Q. net(ë) n. “one more beyond [the middle]”
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A word in Quenya used in enumerating series from notes from the late 1960s (VT47/15-16), based on the extended root √ENET. Its original sense seems to be “one more beyond”, and it was used in enumerations where some actual numbers were omitted, except possibly the last such as 1, 2, nete, nete, 5 or 1, 2, (3), nete, nete, 10. As such, it also came to be seen as “the last before 10” and from this became the basis for neter > nertë “9”. In counts up to 5 it had the sense “one more beyond the middle”, associated with the fourth finger which in child games was used for the daughter. By association this finger was given the (technically unrelated) name nette “little girl, daughter” as a more affectionate variant of nésa (néþa) “sister”.
- G. gant adv. “larger, greater, more, (lit.) increased”
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The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. gant “larger, greater, more” or more literally “increased”, along with related adverb G. gantha “more”, both derived from the early root ᴱ√yṇt (GL/37). These were the basis for the early superlative suffixes -iant(ha) or -iont(ha), and were the opposite of diminutive inthi “less” (GL/51).
Neo-Sindarin: I would retain ᴺS. gant “larger, greater, more, (lit.) increased” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, based on the Neo-Root ᴺ√GYANTA.